| Water Quality | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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According to the Groundwater Branch of the Kentucky Division of Water, "Groundwater is a vital, renewable natural resource that is widely used throughout Kentucky. Wells and springs provide approximately one-third of public domestic water supplies in the state. Surface streams, the major source of Kentucky's water supply, are primarily sustained during base flow by groundwater discharge from adjacent aquifers. This resource is susceptible to contamination from a variety of activities at the land surface. Once contaminated, groundwater can be difficult or impossible to remediate." Quality of Groundwater in the CountyGroundwater obtained from most drilled wells contains noticeable amounts of iron and is moderately hard in the northern part of the county and generally soft in the remainder of the county. The main naturally occurring contaminants that may be present in objectionable amounts in the groundwater are sulfate, salt (sodium chloride), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). In some locations, old abandoned oil and gas wells are responsible for contamination of shallow freshwater aquifers by salt water brought up from much deeper formations. High iron and manganese levels are found in the groundwater in many wells, and can produce objectionable taste and staining of laundry and porcelain fixtures. Often, coal mining aggravates these problems by increasing the amount of fresh surface area of the rocks exposed to oxidation, which can increase the sulfate and metals concentrations in the groundwater. At a time when surprisingly little information is available on groundwater quality, groundwater contamination has become a major environmental issue. Reliable information about water quality is necessary in order to develop plans for protecting groundwater. The absence of accurate and broad perspectives on groundwater quality may lead to inappropriate and ineffective regulatory policies. Because groundwater supplies a large percentage of rural drinking water and water for agricultural use, rural landowners have become increasingly concerned about the quality of groundwater. The Kentucky Farm Bureau, Kentucky Division of Conservation, University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, and the Kentucky Geological Survey conducted a water-quality survey of nearly 5,000 rural domestic wells. The results are discussed in "Quality of Private Ground-Water Supplies in Kentucky." Additional references are contained in the Water Research Library on the Kentucky Geological Survey's Web site. Salt WaterSalt water (saline water) is found below fresh groundwater at variable depths throughout the entire state of Kentucky. Depths to the saline groundwater range from 50 feet or less down to 2,000 feet below land surface in Kentucky. "Salinity" is defined as a measure of the quantity of dissolved mineral matter or total dissolved solids (TDS) in water, reported in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per liter (mg/L); the two forms of measurement are usually equivalent. The term "salt" or "table salt" as used by most people is pure sodium chloride. Sodium and chloride are generally the major component of saline waters in Kentucky, but are not the only constituents. Water having a TDS concentration of less than 1,000 ppm is classified as fresh and water having a TDS concentration of 1,000 ppm or more is classified as saline. Recommendations by the U.S. Public Health Service for drinking water suggest that total dissolved solids should not exceed 500 ppm, but less than 1,000 ppm may be used. In agriculture, the recommended TDS levels vary with uses, as shown in the following table, which was taken in part from "Fresh-Saline Water Interface Map of Kentucky" (Hopkins, 1966).
Being aware of the depth to saline groundwater is valuable when planning a water-supply well. Drilling a well too deep through the freshwater interval may cause a good well to be unsuitable for various uses. Care must be taken to prevent contamination of the freshwater zones by the deeper saline waters. Properly constructed water wells will screen the production zone in the targeted aquifer and isolate all other zones by casing and properly grouting and cementing of the space outside the casings in the boreholes. In Harlan County, the fresh-saline interface ranges from 1,300 feet mean sea level in the higher elevations of the southern end of the county to 700 feet in the area along the Upper Cumberland River. This corresponds to a total depth from land surface in the range of 100 feet to over 200 feet below the principal valley bottoms. Sensitivity of Groundwater to PollutionAccording to the Kentucky Division of Water, Groundwater Branch, Harlan County has areas of moderate and high sensitivity to groundwater pollution (see "Groundwater Sensitivity Regions of Kentucky"). The hydrogeologic sensitivity of an area is defined as the ease and speed with which a contaminant can move into and within a groundwater system. The sensitivity assessment addressed only the naturally occurring hydrogeologic characteristics of an area. Possible impacts of human activity upon groundwater, such as mining, logging, industry, and the use of pesticides, injection wells, and landfills, were not considered in the production of this map. Because of its small scale and generalized nature, this map is not intended for site-specific use, such as detailed land-use planning for city, county, or State agencies. The map should prove useful as a broad-scale management, educational, and planning tool, however. |
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