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References

• Ausich, W.I. and Meyer, D.L., 1988, Blastoids from the late Osagean Fort Payne Formation (Kentucky and Tennessee): Journal of Paleontology, v. 62, p. 269-283.
• Ausich, W.I. and D.L. Meyer, 1990, Origin and composition of carbonate buildups and associated facies in the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian, south-central Kentucky): An integrated sedimentologic and paleoecologic analysis: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p.129-146.
• Ausich, W.I. and Meyer, D.L., 1992, Crinoidea Flexibilia (Echinodermata) from the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian; Kentucky and Tennessee): Journal of Paleontology, v. 66, p. 825-838.
• Ausich, W.I., and Meyer, D.L., 1994, Hybrid crinoids in the fossil record (Early Mississippian, Phylum Echinodermata): Paleobiology, v.20, p. 362-367.
• Ausich, W.I., Goldstein, A., and Yates, R., 2000, Crinoids from the Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation in north-central Kentucky (Echinodermata, Lower Mississippian): Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 6, p. 1072-1082.
• Ausich, W.I., Kammer, T.W., and Meyer, D.L., 1997, Middle Mississippian disparid crinoids from the east-central United States: Journal of Paleontology, v. 7, p. 131-148.
• Ausich, W.I., Meyer, D.L., and Waters, J.A., 1988, Middle Mississippian blastoid extinction event: Science, v. 240, p. 796-798.
• Barwood, H.L., and Shaffer, N.R., no date, Observations on silicification in geodes from the Mississippian Sanders Group of Indiana and Kentucky: http://spectrum.troy.edu/~barwood/indianageode.htm [accessed 2008]
• Baumiller, T.K., Leighton, L.R., and Thompson, D.L., 1999, Boreholes in Mississippian spiriferide brachiopods and their implications for Paleozoic gastropod drilling: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology, v. 147, p. 283-289.
• Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A.H., and Rowell, A.J., eds., 1987, Fossil Invertebrates: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Palo Alto, California, 713 p.
• Brown, M.A., and Dodd, R., 1990, Carbonate mud bodies in Middle Mississippian strata of southern Indiana and northern Kentucky: End members of a Middle Mississippian mud mound spectrum?: Palaios, v. 5, p. 236-243.
• Butts, Charles, 1922, The Mississippian Series of eastern Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Series VII, v. 7, 188 p.
• Chaplin, J.R., 1980, Stratigraphy, trace fossil associations, and depositional environments in the Borden Formation (Mississippian), northeastern Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Guidebook and roadlog for Geological Society of Kentucky 1980 Field Conference, ser. X, 114 p.
• Chaplin, J.R., 1984, The Henley Bed, an important biostratigraphic horizon in the Lower Mississippian of northeastern Kentucky (abstract): Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 3, p.128.
• Chowns, T.M., and Elkins, J.E., 1974, The origin of quartz and cauliflower cherts through the silicification of anhydrite nodules: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 44, p. 885-903.
• Clarkson, E. N. K., 1998, Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution: Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 4th edition, 452 p.
• Conkin, J.E., 1957, Stratigraphy of the New Providence Formation (Mississippian) in Jefferson and Bullitt Counties, Kentucky and fauna of the Coral Ridge Member: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 38, no. 168, p. 109-157.
• Conkin, J.E., 1961, Mississippian smaller foraminifera of Kentucky, southern Indiana, northern Tennessee, and south-central Ohio, Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 43, 241 p.
• Conkin, J.E., and Conkin, B.M., 1977, North American agglutinate foraminifera: University of Louisville Studies in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, no. 8, 24 p.
• Conkin, J.E., and Conkin, B.M., 1979, Illustrated key to genera of Paleozoic smaller Foraminifera of the United States: University of Louisville Studies in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, no. 11, 21 p.
• Davies, G.R., Edwards, D.E., Flach, P., 1988, Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) Waulsortian reefs in the Seal area of north-central Alberta, in Geldsetzer, H.H.J., James, M.P., and Tebbutt, G.E., eds., Reefs: Canada and Adjacent Areas: Calgary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 13, p. 643-648.
• Dunham, R. J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, in Ham, W. E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 1, p. 108-121.
• Feldman, H.R., 1987, Facies and faunas of the Salem Limestone (Mississippian) in southern Indiana and central Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 171-183.
• Fisher, I.S., 1977, Distribution of Mississippian geodes and geodal minerals in Kentucky: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 864-869.
  Ford, R.C., 1988, A conulariid fauna from the Fort Payne Formation, (Mississippian, Osagean) of Central Tennessee (abs.): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 40, no. 6, p. 369.
• Ford, R.C., 2010, Faunal changes associated with carbonate progression in the Fort Payne Formation of Central Tennessee (abs.): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 2, p. 85.
• Grantz, G.L., and Cuffey, R. J., 2001, Bryozoan species in the Pleasant Hill “Waulsortian” bioherm (Mississippian, Kentucky) (abs.): Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, Abstracts with Programs.
• Greb, S.F., Potter, P.E., Meyer, D.L., and Ausich, W.I., 2008, Mud mounds, paleoslumps, crinoids, and more: the geology of the Fort Payne Formation at Lake Cumberland, south-central Kentucky: Field trip for the Kentucky Chapter of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, May 17-18, 2008, 46 p.
• Horowitz, A.S., and Rexroad, C.B., 1972, Conodont biostratigraphy of some U.S. Mississippian sites: Journal of Paleontology, v. 46 (6), p. 884-891.
• Jillson, W.R., 1965, The geology of Casey County, Kentucky: Frankfort, Kentucky, Roberts Printing Co., 108 p.
• Jones, D.L., and Knauth, P.L., 1979, Oxygen isotopic and petrographic evidence relevant to the origin of the Arkansas Novaculite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 2, p. 581-0598.
• Kammer, T.W., 1984, Crinoids from the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation (Mississippian) in Kentucky and Indiana: Journal of Paleontology, v. 58, p. 115-130.
• Kammer, T.W., and Ausich, W.I., 1996, Primitive cladid crinoids from upper Osagean-lower Meramecian (Mississippian) rocks of east-central United States: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, p. 835-866.
• Kammer, T.W., and Ausich, W.I., 1994, Advanced cladid crinoids from the Middle Mississippian of the east-central Unites States; advanced-grade calyces: Journal of Paleontology, v. 68, p. 339-351.
• Kammer, T.W., and Ausich, W.I., 1993, Advanced cladid crinoids from the Middle Mississippian of the east-central Unites States; intermediate-grade calyces: Journal of Paleontology, v. 67, p. 614-639.
• Kammer, T.W., Bausmiller, T.K., and Ausich, W.I., 1998, Evolutionary significance of differential species longevity in Osagean-Meramecian (Mississippian) crinoid clades: Paleobiology, v. 24, p. 155-176.
• Kammer, T.W, Ausich, W.I, Goldstein, A., 2007, Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis n. sp. from the Late Osagean (Mississippian) Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky: A European immigrant originally derived from North America?: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 209-212.
• Kepferle, R.C., and Lewis, R.Q., Sr., 1975, Knifley Sandstone and Cane Valley Limestone: two new members of the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), in Cohee, G.V., and Wright, W.B., eds., Changes in stratigraphic nomenclature by the U.S. Geological Survey 1974: U.S. Geology Survey Bulletin 1394A, p. A63-A70.
• Khetani, A.B., and Read, J.F., 2002, Sequence development of a mixed Carbonate-siliciclastic, high relief ramp, Mississippian, Kentucky, USA: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, p. 657-672.
• King, D.T.J., 1990, Probable influence of Early Carboniferous (Tournasian-early Visean) geography on the development of Waulsortian and Waulsortian-like mounds: Geology, v. 18, p.591-594.
• Knox, L.W., and Stapor, F., 2003, Chapter 5-Clay-rich Waulsortian-like mounds in the Mississippian (Osagean) Fort Payne Formation of central Tennessee, in Cox, R.T., ed., Field Trip Guidebook, Joint Meeting South-central and Southeastern Sections of the Geological Society of America, Memphis, Tennessee: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Geology, Report of Investigations no. 51, p. 83-94.
• Kogovsek, D.M., Cuffey, R.J., Knox, L.W., 2002, Bryozoan species in unusual green shale mounds, Lower Mississippian, middle Tennessee: Geological Society of America, North-central and Southeastern section joint meeting, April 3-5, Abstracts with Programs.
• Krause, R.A., Meyer, D.L., and Ausich, W.I., 2002, Carbonate buildups in the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Cumberland County, Kentucky, in Ettensohn, F.R., and Smath, M.L., eds., Guidebook for Geology Field Trips in Kentucky and Adjacent Areas: Lexington, Kentucky, University of Kentucky, 2002 Joint Meeting of the North-Central Section and Southeastern Section of the Geological Society of America: p. 1-13.
• Krause, R.A., and Meyer, D.L., 2004, Sequence stratigraphy and depositional dynamics of carbonate buildups and associated facies from the lower Mississippian Fort Payne Formation of southern Kentucky: Journal of Geology, v. 74, p. 87-100.
• Kuslansky G.H., and Friedman, G.M., 1984, Hydrocarbon reservoirs in Waulsortian facies: an example from the Fort Payne Formation (Mississippian), Scott County, Tennessee: Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 62, p. 31-44.
• Lane, N.G., and Dubar, J.R., 1983, Progradation of the Borden Delta; new evidence from crinoids: Journal of Paleontology, v. 57, p.112-123.
• Lane, N. G., and Howell, R.M., 1986, Unusual crinoids from the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian), Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana: Journal of Paleontology, v. 60, p. 898-903.
• Lasemi, Z., Norby, R.B., and Treworgy, J.D., 1998, Depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of a Lower Carboniferous bryozoan-crinoidal carbonate ramp in the Illinois Basin, Mid-Continent USA, in Wright, V.P., and Burchette, T.P., eds., Carbonate Ramps: London, Geological Society Special Publication, v. 149, p. 369-395.
• Lasemi, Z., Norby, E.D., Utgaard, J.E., Ferry, W.R., Cuffey, R.J., and Dever, G.R., Jr., 2003, Mississippian carbonate buildups and development of cool-water-like carbonate platforms in the Illinois Basin, Midcontinent, USA, in Ahr, W.M., Harris, D.M., Morgan, W.A., and Sommerville, J.D., eds., Permo-Carboniferous Carbonate Platforms and Reefs: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 78 and American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 83, p. 69-95.
• Lee, K.G., Ausich, W.I., and Kammer, T.W., 2005, Crinoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) in eastern Kentucky: Journal of Paleontology, v. 79, p. 337-355.
• Lees, A., 1964, The structure and origin of the Waulsortian (lower Carboniferous) "reefs" of west-central Eire: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, v. 247, 740, p. 83-531.
• Lees, A., and Miller, J., 1985, Facies variation in Waulsortian buildups. Part 2: Mid-Dinatian buildups from Europe and North America: Geological Journal, v. 20, p.159-180.
• Lees, A., and Miller, J., 1995, Waulsortian banks, in Monty, C.L.V., Bosence, D.W.J., Bridges, P.H., and Pratt, B.R., eds., Carbonate Mud-Mounds: Their Origin and Evolution: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 23, p. 191-271.
• Leslie, S.A., Ausich, W.I., and Meyer, D.L., 1996, Lower Mississippian sedimentation dynamics and conodont biostratigraphy (lowermost Fort Payne Formation) along the southeastern margin of the Eastern Interior Seaway: Southeastern Geology, v. 36, p. 27-35.
• Lewis, W.Q., Sr., and Perkins, J.H., 1978, Supplemental notes to surface rocks in the western Lake Cumberland area, Clinton, Russell, and Wayne Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Annual Field Conference of the Geological Society of Kentucky, 41 p. (available as a pdf at the Kentucky Geological Survey web site (www.uky.edu/KGS/), search for publications.
• Lewis, R.Q., Sr., and Potter, P.E., 1978, Surface rocks in the western Lake Cumberland area, Clinton, Russell and Wayne Counties, Kentucky: Annual Field Conference of the Geological Society of Kentucky (Published by the Kentucky Geological Survey Lexington, Ky.), 41 p.
• Lineback, J.A., and Cluff, R.M., 1985, Ullin-Fort Payne, a Mississippian shallow to deep water carbonate transition in a cratonic basin., in Crevello, P.D., and Harris, P.M., eds., Deep-water Carbonates; Buildups, Turbidites, Debris Flows and Chalks; a Core Workshop: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop, v. 6, p. 1-26.
• Lowe, D.R., 1975, Regional controls on silica sedimentation in the Ouachita System: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, no. 8, p. 1123-1127.
• Lowe, D.R., 1979, Sediment gravity flows: Their classification and some problems of application to natural flows and deposits, in Doyle, L.J., and Pilkey, O.H., eds., Geology of Continental Slopes: Society of Economic Mineralogists and Paleontologists, Special Publication 27, p. 75-82.
• Lumsden, D.N., 1988, Origin of the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Tennessee: Southeastern Geology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 167-180.
• Lumsden, D.N., 2003, Organodiagenetic dolomite on a deep subtidal shelf, Fort Payne Formation (Mississippian), Tennessee, U.S.A., in Ahr, W.M., Harris, P.M., Morgan, W.A., and Somerville, I.D., eds., Permo-Carboniferous Carbonate Platforms and Reefs: Tulsa, Society for Sedimentary Geology, Special Publication, v. 78, p. 323-332.
• MacQuown, W. C., 1984, The Lower Mississippian Waulsortian facies of Tennessee and Kentucky, in Bolton, K., Lane H.R.,and LeMone, eds., Symposium on the paleoenvironmental setting and distribution of Waulsortian facies: El Paso Geological Society and University of Texas, El Paso, p.34- 42.
• MacQuown W, C., and Perkins, J. H., 1982, Stratigraphy and petrology of petroleum-producing Waulsortian-type mounds in Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian) of North-Central Tennessee: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 66, p.1055-1075.
• Maliva, R.G., 1987, Quartz geodes: Early diagenetic silicified anhydrite nodules related to dolomitization: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 1054-1059.
• Marcher, M.V., 1962, Crinoidal bioherms in the Fort Payne Chert (Mississippian) along the Caney Fork River, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450-E, p. E-43-45.
• Matchen, D.L., and Kammer, T.W., 1994, Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 34, p. 25-41.
• McFarlan, A.C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., University of Kentucky, 531p.
• McKenzie, J.A., Hsu, K.J., and Schneider, J.F., 1980, Movement of subsurface waters under the sabkha, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and its relation to evaporative dolomite genesis: Society of Economic Mineralogists and Paleontologists Special Publication 28, p. 1-30.
• Meyer, D. L., Ausich, W. I., and Terry, R. E., 1989, Comparative taphonomy of echinoderms in carbonate facies: Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Kentucky and Tennessee: Palaios, v. 4, p. 533-552.
• Meyer, D. L., Ausich, W. I., and Potter, P. E., 1992, Mississippian clinoform: Lithologic and paleoecologic diversity amid slopes, slides and mounds: Palaios, v. 7, p. 335-336.
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• Work, D.M., and Mason, C.E., 2003, Mississippian (Middle Osagean) ammonoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation, Kentucky: Journal of Paleontology, v. 77, p. 593-596.
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